Mood disorders, also known as affective disorders, are a category of mental health issues that primarily affect a person's emotional state. The main types of mood disorders are major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, cyclothymic disorder, and seasonal affective disorder (SAD).
Major depressive disorder, commonly known as depression, is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, guilt, worthlessness, and loss of interest. People with depression may have trouble carrying out daily activities and often have thoughts of death or suicide. Depression can range from mild to severe. Treatments include therapy, antidepressant medications, or a combination of both.
Bipolar disorder causes dramatic shifts in mood and energy levels. A person with bipolar disorder alternates between extreme highs, called mania, and lows, called depression. Mania often includes an elevated self-confidence and energy but also risky behaviors. The mood swings of bipolar disorder can damage relationships and make it hard to hold a job or go to school. Doctors often treat bipolar disorder with mood stabilizers and sometimes antidepressants or antipsychotics. Certain lifestyle changes may also help.
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is characterized by depression that surfaces during a particular time of year, typically fall or winter months. SAD is tied to decreased exposure to daylight as the days grow shorter in the fall and winter. Symptoms often fade in the spring and summer. Treatments may include light therapy, vitamin D supplements, medication, or psychotherapy.
In summary, mood disorders significantly impact a person's emotional state and everyday function. Symptoms can range from sadness and hopelessness in depression to erratic shifts between mania and depression in bipolar disorder. Treatments vary but often include therapy, medication, or lifestyle changes. Catching and treating mood disorders early leads to better long-term outcomes.